National security refers to the government’s capacity to use different avenues to safeguard and defend a sovereign state, including its inhabitants, economy, and institutions, as a duty of government. Originally envisaged as a defence against military assault, national security is now commonly recognised to encompass non-military components such as terrorism prevention, crime reduction, border security, economic security, energy security, environmental security, food security, and cyber-security. Similarly, in addition to the acts of other nation states, national security concerns include the actions of violent non-state actors, drug cartels, and multinational businesses, as well as the consequences of natural disasters. 

Although nations’ approaches vary, with some beginning to prioritise non-military action to address structural sources of insecurity, different types of coercive force, notably Military Capabilities, predominate. The extent of these skills has grown. Military capabilities have always been mostly land- or sea-based, and in smaller nations, they remain so. Other possible warfare domains today include the law, air, space, the internet, and psychological operations. Military capabilities built for these areas can be utilised for defensive and offensive goals, such as conquering and annexing land and resources. 

Significance of Multilateral Maritime Military Coalition

The formation of a long-awaited maritime coalition in Middle East is here to protect the freedom of navigation along the trade route of Bab-al-Mandeb to the Mediterranean Sea via Rea Sea and Suez Canal. All eyes are on Saudi led maritime military coalition, an amalgam of 14 nations and EU. It is a maritime defense

Underlying Factors for the Mecca Joint Defence Agreement

The Mecca Joint Defence Agreement between Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Türkiye is the result of several converging strategic, economic and security factors rather than a response to a single regional threat. Growing instability in the Middle East, uncertainty surrounding existing security arrangements, Saudi Arabia's search for greater strategic autonomy, and the expanding defence cooperation between

Why Does the Mecca Joint Defense Agreement Matter for the Middle East?

The Mecca Joint Defense Agreement matters for the Middle East because it could make an attack on Saudi Arabia, Turkiye or Pakistan more costly and give each country greater confidence that it would not face a crisis alone. The three have agreed that an armed attack on one will be treated as an attack on

The Rights of Lower Riparian States under International Law.

International law guarantees riparian states the right to equitable and reasonable utilisation of shared watercourses and protection from significant transboundary harm. Water is crucial to sustaining life, as its disruption can result in significant economic and humanitarian crises, potentially escalating to armed conflict. Hydrological geography determines whether a State is an upper or lower riparian,

A broader Regional and Muslim Unity: Lessons from the Gulf Crises

The Gulf crises should not be viewed as a series of conflicts, but as an warning and a chance to look at the future of regional cooperation and unity among Muslims. The gulf region remains one of the world most strategically important region as it possesses the major energy resources, important religious sites and critical

The Future of US-Iran Relations

The relationship between the United States and Iran has remained one of the most contentious rivalries in international politics. At the centre of this dispute lies Iran's nuclear programme. Washington concluded that diplomacy with Tehran was exhausted and wanted to degrade Iran nuclear program as it posed an unacceptable threat to regional and international security.