Rising global power competition between United States and China has always been a challenge for Pakistan’s foreign policy. This current row between the two powers has implications far beyond regions of these two superpowers. Pakistan which is located at the crossroads of South Asia, the Middle East, and Central Asia has to manage its foreign policy in this increasingly charged international environment. For Pakistan it is a complex challenge that requires careful assessment, foresight, and diplomatic proactiveness. Historically, Pakistan has enjoyed strategic relations with both the United States and China, though for varied reasons and at different times. During the Cold War era, Pakistan was in U.S. led bloc whose purpose was to contain the Soviet Union. Pakistan remained a key recipient of American military and economic assistance during the 1980s Soviet-Afghan War. While for Pakistan, China remains a reliable partner who has stood with the country since 1951 when they first established diplomatic relations.

During the course of history relations between US-Pakistan have faced strain. It was the post-9/11 era and the subsequent “War on Terror” that dented the U.S.-Pakistan relationship. The reason behind a mutual distrust and diverging strategic interests particularly in Afghanistan and in terms of India. On the other hand, Pakistan’s relationship with China has steadily deepened, most notably through defense cooperation and China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), a benchmark project of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), which has brought heavy investment in infrastructure, energy, and economic growth.

Currently poor relations between US-China have made it difficult for Pakistan to maneuver its foreign policy. Under the Trump administration countries like Pakistan are facing the risk of becoming entangled in the geopolitical contest. Washington’s interests to limit Beijing’s hegemony in Asia is indicated by the development of the Indo-Pacific strategy, enhanced defense cooperation with India, and the creation of anti-China alliances like the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) and AUKUS. Pakistan is one of China’s closest allies as it attempts to strengthen ties in its perimeter.

Pakistan is facing a tricky situation as a result of these changing dynamics. China is Pakistan’s “all-weather friend,” as witnessed in recent infrastructure investment, defense deals, and diplomatic support on vital issues like Kashmir. However, the United States continues to be a key economic partner and controls international financial organizations like the World Bank and IMF, from which Pakistan often seeks assistance. Key challenge for Pakistan’s foreign policy remains in picking a side between the two powers. Tilting too closely with China risks drifting away from the West, especially the U.S whose support remains crucial for economic recovery. However, moving towards the United States may create trust issues with China thus risking crucial investments and strategic diplomatic support in forums such as the United Nations Security Council.

Complexity roots from India’s growing alignment with the United States is also a hiccup. Although, New Delhi’s has hit with a road bump in economic and diplomatic ties with Washington but they have defense cooperation and intelligence sharing agreements which have increased Islamabad’s security concerns. The U.S. emphasis on India as a counterweight to China in Asia raises Pakistan’s perception of strategic encirclement, pushing it closer to Beijing. However, this alignment must be delt with a rational understanding of the regional and global shifts underway. A non-aligned foreign policy approach that put national interests at first over alliance and bloc dictated international politics. Main priority should be given to economic diplomacy, regional connectivity, and multilateralism. By focusing on trade, investment, and development over military alliances, Pakistan can play its role as a bridge rather than adding to contention between these global powers.

Diversification of diplomatic partnerships is also important for Pakistan’s foreign policy interests. Solidifying ties with Middle Eastern, Central Asian, ASEAN countries, and the European Union can help decrease overdependence on any one country. Moreover, engaging with regional organizations like the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation would provide Pakistan diplomatic leverage. In addition, internal stability is essential for successful foreign policy. Pakistan’s constant political upheaval, economic instability, and security challenges question’s ability to engage at a global stage. An efficient domestic policy based in areas of governance, economic growth, and counterterrorism is essential to project strength and reliability in foreign affairs. Lastly, soft power tools are essential as well to reshape its image. Promoting cultural diplomacy, educational exchanges, and diaspora engagement can complement traditional diplomacy and open new avenues of influence.

In conclusion, the intensifying U.S.-China rivalry presents both challenges and opportunities for Pakistan. Rather than viewing this competition as a zero-sum game, Islamabad must pursue a balanced and pragmatic foreign policy that leverages its strategic geography and historical ties. The goal should be to extract maximum economic and strategic benefit without becoming ensnared in the power politics of rival superpowers. Such an approach demands skillful diplomacy, internal cohesion, and a long-term vision rooted in national interest and global engagement.