National security refers to the government’s capacity to use different avenues to safeguard and defend a sovereign state, including its inhabitants, economy, and institutions, as a duty of government. Originally envisaged as a defence against military assault, national security is now commonly recognised to encompass non-military components such as terrorism prevention, crime reduction, border security, economic security, energy security, environmental security, food security, and cyber-security. Similarly, in addition to the acts of other nation states, national security concerns include the actions of violent non-state actors, drug cartels, and multinational businesses, as well as the consequences of natural disasters. 

Although nations’ approaches vary, with some beginning to prioritise non-military action to address structural sources of insecurity, different types of coercive force, notably Military Capabilities, predominate. The extent of these skills has grown. Military capabilities have always been mostly land- or sea-based, and in smaller nations, they remain so. Other possible warfare domains today include the law, air, space, the internet, and psychological operations. Military capabilities built for these areas can be utilised for defensive and offensive goals, such as conquering and annexing land and resources. 

The US-Iran conflict: Impact on Pakistan’s Economic Security

Humans have a long history of fighting wars and engaging in prolonged conflicts with enemies, so have empires and countries.  Similarly, the conflict between United States and Iran is not a recent phenomenon; it dates backs to the Islamic Revolution in 1979, which overthrew the US backed Shah of Iran. Wars and armed conflicts have

Impact of U.S.-China Relations on Pakistan

Cooperation between the United States and China could likely result in greater opportunities for Pakistan. The reduced hostility between both countries may have stabilizing consequences for the region. The intensification of rivalry, however, could lead to challenges for Pakistan, including its policy of balancing and the overall stability of the region. While Pakistan still has

Can Economics Bridge the Divide? Trade Relations under Modi’s India

Economic interaction can create shared incentives for cooperation, buttress mutual economic interests, and provide a foundation for India and Pakistan to move toward more stable and constructive relations. In spite of the close location of these two nations and their shared history and economic complementarities, the level of trade and economic interaction between the two

The Legality of Force (Jus ad Bellum)

The Center for Law and Security (CLAS) held a seminar on “Lawfare and Pakistan” to analyse the role of law-fare in the modern world, evaluate Pakistan’s capacity to conduct and counter lawfare operations, and how to develop a set of operational objectives that Pakistan’s lawfare doctrine should look to attain.The chief guests of the event

Governing by the Clock: Should The Government Regulate Market Timings

The disruption within market regulations in Pakistan stems more from structural deficiencies in the context of enforcement of the law and a decentralized governance system. The matter has risen to prominence within the context of the national discourse as the government tries to institute economic reforms like early business closure policies for the conservation of

Pakistan India Relations after Bunyan ul Marsoos

The relations between India and Pakistan have come to a complete stalemate after the violent confrontation of May 2025. Though mediated into a ceasefire without a full scale escalation, this event marked the end of even minimal cooperation at the bilateral level. Pakistan defended its right of self-determination under Article 51 of the United Nations’