Social media disinformation has emerged as a significant threat to nations worldwide, and Pakistan is no exception. With the widespread use of social media platforms and a growing number of active users, the dissemination of false information has reached alarming levels. Social media platforms jointly reported 4.72 billion users worldwide, and on average 72.9 million

The spread of electronic media and the digital revolution have turned the world into a global village. Information, news, and events can now travel anywhere in the world with no restrictions. Even before the governments can respond and exert control, these events tend to reach every living room due to social media. The social, economic,

Social media can be defined as the computer-based platform that helps people to communicate and share information through multiple websites and applications enabling users to create and share content or to participate in social networking. It comprises 5 major networking platforms, namely, Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp, Twitter and TikTok. This network helps users to participate with

Pakistan’s cyber security protocols are in shambles as the country faces yet another alarming cyberattack at the highest office following several more in the past few months. The state has recorded more than 60,000 cyber crimes in the first quarter of 2022, as reported by the DG FIA. The startling question is, why is this

Cyber activities have become an integral part of international relations as the interconnectedness of networks, technologies and cyber processes have opened up new opportunities for cooperation between State and non-State actors. While cyber-space has its advantages, it has also created new vulnerabilities, such as cybercrimes including identify theft, hacking, etc. Cyber attacks and their consequences

The modern world is undergoing a continuous transformation in this digital age, which has profoundly influenced and changed socio-cultural, economic, political, and security dynamics as we know them. The emergent virtual world, with its widespread interconnected global digital technology and rapid communication systems, has resulted in the evolution of what we know as cyberspace. However,